October Term 2025 · Docket 24-482

Does the Ex Post Facto Clause bar retroactive restitution orders?

The dispute centers on whether criminal restitution constitutes punishment or civil compensation.

Official caption
Ellingburg v. United States
Latest argument session
Latest official Court activity
Latest verified event
Decided
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Ms. Saharia argued the MVRA classifies restitution as criminal punishment.

    Ms. Saharia stated restitution is part of the criminal sentence.

    Mr. Bash argued the statute's label matters less than its operations.

    Justice Kavanaugh questioned if Congress could simply label the statute civil.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

The case tests if the Ex Post Facto Clause applies to restitution orders.

Official sources for this section

How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2025.

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What each side wants

the side that brought the case seeks dismissal of the restitution order.

Government seeks enforcement of the restitution order.

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What each side says

the side that brought the case argues restitution is criminal punishment.

Government argues restitution is civil compensation.

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What the justices asked

Justice Alito asked if victim enforcement negates the penal nature.

Justice Jackson asked if the MVRA's absence at the time of the crime matters.

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Why it matters

The ruling determines if victims can recover losses from pre-enactment crimes.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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