{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharia argued the MVRA classifies restitution as criminal punishment.","Ms. Saharia stated restitution is part of the criminal sentence.","Mr. Bash argued the statute's label matters less than its operations.","Justice Kavanaugh questioned if Congress could simply label the statute civil."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"caption":"Ellingburg v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.380535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.383090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:41.239297Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether criminal restitution constitutes punishment or civil compensation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r09_4fb4.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-482.html","primary_docket":"24-482","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:32:39.002385Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the Ex Post Facto Clause applies to restitution orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks dismissal of the restitution order.","Government seeks enforcement of the restitution order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues restitution is criminal punishment.","Government argues restitution is civil compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if victim enforcement negates the penal nature.","Justice Jackson asked if the MVRA's absence at the time of the crime matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling determines if victims can recover losses from pre-enactment crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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