October Term 2022 · Docket 21-707
Can universities use race in admissions?
the sides that brought the case demand strict race neutrality. The university argues race helps assess whole-person diversity.
Verified source milestones
- — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
- — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
- — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
The arguments, in order
This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.
Argument 1 ·
What happened at the argument
Strawbridge argued racial classifications are fundamentally wrong.
Park argued diversity strengthens the nation despite challenges.
Hinojosa urged the Court to affirm the Bakke framework.
Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details
Sources used for this argument breakdown
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 13-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 43-45
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-9 — Transcript, file page 11, lines 47-9
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 12, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 39-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 47-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 9-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29 — Transcript, file page 130, lines 17-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-1 — Transcript, file page 131, lines 51-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 7-35 — Transcript, file page 132, lines 7-35
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-51 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 51-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 53-23 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 53-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31 — Transcript, file page 135, lines 19-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 17-27 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 17-27
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 49-1 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 49-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-11 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 7-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 19-21 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 19-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 25-31 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 25-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-17 — Transcript, file page 14, lines 29-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-49 — Transcript, file page 15, lines 29-49
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 11-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-11 — Transcript, file page 65, lines 47-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-23 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 39-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31 — Transcript, file page 7, lines 23-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-17 — Transcript, file page 72, lines 45-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-7 — Transcript, file page 74, lines 37-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33 — Transcript, file page 75, lines 45-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 37-11 — Transcript, file page 77, lines 37-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-47 — Transcript, file page 78, lines 37-47
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-39 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 35-39
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-17 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 9-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 19-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-31 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 55-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-11 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 49-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-17 — Transcript, file page 81, lines 31-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51 — Transcript, file page 9, lines 35-51
A citizen's guide to the whole case
What this case is about
Students for Fair Admissions argues racial classifications violate equal protection. The University of North Carolina claims race aids holistic review.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
How the case got here
The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2022.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 39-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 11-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33 — Transcript, file page 75, lines 45-33
What each side wants
the sides that brought the case want the Court to ban race-based admissions.
The university wants to keep using race in admissions.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
What each side says
the sides that brought the case argue racial classifications violate equal protection principles.
The university argues race helps evaluate whole-person diversity.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
What the justices asked
Justice Sotomayor asked how officers assess socioeconomic barriers without race.
Justice Kagan asked why race alone determines impermissible purposes.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 13-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 43-45
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-9 — Transcript, file page 11, lines 47-9
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 12, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 39-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 47-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 9-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29 — Transcript, file page 130, lines 17-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-1 — Transcript, file page 131, lines 51-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 7-35 — Transcript, file page 132, lines 7-35
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-51 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 51-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 53-23 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 53-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31 — Transcript, file page 135, lines 19-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 17-27 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 17-27
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 49-1 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 49-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-11 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 7-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 19-21 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 19-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 25-31 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 25-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-17 — Transcript, file page 14, lines 29-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-49 — Transcript, file page 15, lines 29-49
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-11 — Transcript, file page 65, lines 47-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-23 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 39-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31 — Transcript, file page 7, lines 23-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-17 — Transcript, file page 72, lines 45-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-7 — Transcript, file page 74, lines 37-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33 — Transcript, file page 75, lines 45-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 37-11 — Transcript, file page 77, lines 37-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-47 — Transcript, file page 78, lines 37-47
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-39 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 35-39
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-17 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 9-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 19-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-31 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 55-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-11 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 49-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-17 — Transcript, file page 81, lines 31-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51 — Transcript, file page 9, lines 35-51
Why it matters
This case defines the limits of racial preferences in higher education. It shapes access to elite institutions for all students.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
What happens next
This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.
Official sources for this section
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 13-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45 — Transcript, file page 10, lines 43-45
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-9 — Transcript, file page 11, lines 47-9
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 12, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 39-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 47-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21 — Transcript, file page 13, lines 9-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29 — Transcript, file page 130, lines 17-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-1 — Transcript, file page 131, lines 51-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 7-35 — Transcript, file page 132, lines 7-35
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-51 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 51-51
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 53-23 — Transcript, file page 133, lines 53-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31 — Transcript, file page 135, lines 19-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 17-27 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 17-27
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 49-1 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 49-1
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-11 — Transcript, file page 136, lines 7-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 19-21 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 19-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 25-31 — Transcript, file page 137, lines 25-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-17 — Transcript, file page 14, lines 29-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-49 — Transcript, file page 15, lines 29-49
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 11-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-11 — Transcript, file page 65, lines 47-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-23 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 39-23
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31 — Transcript, file page 7, lines 23-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-17 — Transcript, file page 72, lines 45-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-7 — Transcript, file page 74, lines 37-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33 — Transcript, file page 75, lines 45-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 37-11 — Transcript, file page 77, lines 37-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-47 — Transcript, file page 78, lines 37-47
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-39 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 35-39
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-17 — Transcript, file page 79, lines 9-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 19-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-31 — Transcript, file page 8, lines 55-31
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-29 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 23-29
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-11 — Transcript, file page 80, lines 49-11
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-17 — Transcript, file page 81, lines 31-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51 — Transcript, file page 9, lines 35-51
Official Court provenance
Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page
Title and summary sources
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17 — Transcript, file page 118, lines 11-17
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15 — Transcript, file page 129, lines 53-15
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33 — Transcript, file page 145, lines 15-33
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7 — Transcript, file page 179, lines 27-7
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21 — Transcript, file page 5, lines 25-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21 — Transcript, file page 68, lines 13-21
- Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43 — Transcript, file page 70, lines 33-43
Revision history
- Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·
Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.
- Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·
Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.