October Term 2004 · Docket 04-104

Can a judge impose a higher sentence based on facts not found by a jury?

The dispute centers on whether federal judges may increase sentences using facts not proven by a jury.

Official caption
United States v. Booker
Latest argument session
Latest official Court activity
Latest verified event
Argued
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Official Transcript

Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Paul Clement argued the guidelines system handles traditional judicial tasks.

    Kelly argued the judge added years based on unproven facts.

    Justice Ginsburg questioned the distinction between legislative maximums and guidelines.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case tests the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial in federal sentencing.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2004.

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What each side wants

The government wants to keep the current sentencing guidelines system intact.

Booker wants the judge's added sentence years struck down as unconstitutional.

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What each side says

The government argues the guidelines system is too complex for jury trials.

Booker argues the Sixth Amendment requires juries to find all facts increasing sentences.

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What the justices asked

Justice Scalia asked if the jury trial right was argued in prior cases.

Justice Souter asked why complexity alone does not eliminate Sixth Amendment rights.

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Why it matters

This issue determines how federal courts calculate criminal sentences for thousands of defendants weekly.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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