October Term 2025 · Docket 25-5

Does the immigration law protect people who reach the border, or only those already inside the United States?

The federal government limits how many people can approach the border to ask for protection. Al Otro Lado says that policy breaks federal law. The Supreme Court must decide what the word arrives means in the immigration statute.

Official caption
Noem, Sec. of Homeland v. Al Otro Lado
Latest argument session
Latest official Court activity
Latest verified event
Decided
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Post Opinion

Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official Court order was verified.
  4. — An official Court opinion was verified.
  5. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    This was the only argument session. Vivek Suri argued for the government. Kelsi B. Corkran argued for Al Otro Lado. No reargument occurred, so nothing changed on a second round.

    The government asked the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit and uphold metering, and to lift the class-wide order and individual order. Its reasoning: the statute requires presence on U. S. soil; one law covers refugees outside the country; Sale supports extraterritorial limits; duties are shared internationally.

    Al Otro Lado asked the Court to read the statute to require processing for people who arrive, including those at the border. Its reasoning: turn-backs began around 2016 to avoid processing duties; arrival happens at the threshold; regulations and Thuraissigiam support this.

    On mootness, the government said the class-wide order keeps the case live and lifting it gives real relief, and that recurrence is reasonably expected. It said it wants the ability to reinstate metering if justified. Justice Barrett asked whether the agency plans to reinstate metering. Justice Jackson raised the advisory opinion concern.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

The case is Noem, Secretary of Homeland Security v. Al Otro Lado. Vivek Suri argued for the government. Kelsi B. Corkran argued for Al Otro Lado.

Official sources for this section

How the case got here

A lower court ruled against the government. The government brought the case to the Supreme Court. The case includes a class-wide order covering many people and an individual order for one person called Beatrice Doe. The government says the class-wide order is still active.

Official sources for this section

What each side wants

The government asks the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit and uphold the metering policy. It also asks the Court to lift the class-wide order and the individual order.

Al Otro Lado asks the Court to read the law to require processing for people who arrive. It says turning people back counts as harmful refoulement. It did not object to a type of vacatur called Munsingwear vacatur, which would set the ruling aside while the case stays pending.

Official sources for this section

What each side says

The government argues the law's phrase arrives in the United States requires a person to be on American soil. It says one part of the law covers refugees outside the country, and another covers people already inside. It leans on an earlier case called Sale for limits that reach beyond U. S. borders.

Al Otro Lado argues the law requires processing for people who arrive. It says turn-backs began around 2016 to dodge processing duties. It leans on regulations and an earlier case called Thuraissigiam. It says arrival happens at the threshold, even before someone steps over the line.

Official sources for this section

What the justices asked

Justice Sotomayor asked about the scope of the Sale case and whether treaty duties conflict with metering. She noted a government watchdog report suggesting metering may have been used as cover.

Justice Thomas asked how this case differs from Sale and whether treaty obligations are involved. Justice Kagan asked whether the government's reading makes part of the law redundant, and whether the right at the border means applying for protection or actually crossing.

Official sources for this section

Why it matters

The case decides whether the government can keep people away from the border before they reach it. If the law covers people at the threshold, metering may be unlawful. If it covers only people on U. S. soil, metering may stand. The answer shapes how thousands of people can seek protection.

Official sources for this section

What the Court decided

A person arrives in the United States under the immigration laws only when he actually crosses the border and enters the country, not while standing in Mexico blocked from entry. Therefore, aliens stopped on the Mexican side are not entitled to inspection or to apply for asylum.

The Ninth Circuit's judgment was reversed, and the case was remanded to that court for further proceedings consistent with the Supreme Court's holding.

Official sources for this section

Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·
  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  3. Revision 3 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.

  4. Revision 4 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.

  5. Revision 5 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.

  6. Revision 6 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.

  7. Revision 7 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Removed direct-quotation marks from public paraphrases.

  8. Revision 8 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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