October Term 2025 · Docket 25-429

Must the Government Prove a Green Card Holder Was Seeking Admission Before Paroling Him at the Border?

A green card holder challenges his removal, arguing the government must prove he was seeking admission before it can parole him. The government says it can meet that proof duty later, in the removal proceeding.

Official caption
Blanche, Acting Atty Gen. v. Lau
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official Court opinion was verified.
  4. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    The government's lawyer conceded the proof standard is not in the statute. He conceded no constitutional right favors deportable treatment. He acknowledged the standard usually fails at the border. He answered that parole does not alter lawful permanent resident status.

    Mr. Lau's lawyer requested affirmance on a narrow ground or dismissal. The government's lawyer disputed the characterization of its parole position. He answered that a determination precedes parole eligibility but rests on less proof. A justice's question is not a vote, and oral argument is not a decision.

    The government's side tested whether proof duties apply at the border or only later in removal proceedings. Mr. Lau's side tested whether parole can come before an admissibility determination.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case involves a lawful permanent resident facing removal. The dispute is over which legal category applies to him and how strong the government's proof must be. One category, inadmissibility, applies at the border. The other, deportability, applies to people already living here lawfully.

Official sources for this section

How the case got here

The case reached the Supreme Court after earlier rounds of proceedings below. Sopan Joshi argued for the federal government. Shay Dvoretzky argued for Mr. Lau.

Official sources for this section

What each side wants

Mr. Lau asks the Court to affirm on a narrow timing point or to dismiss the case without deciding it. He argues the government cannot parole a green card holder before deciding whether an admissibility exception applies.

The government asks the Court to rule that it met its proof duty in the removal proceeding. It argues there is no evidentiary requirement at the border, so it may prove the case later.

Official sources for this section

What each side says

The government's lawyer conceded the clear-and-convincing proof standard does not come from the immigration statute. It comes from a Board decision, which the government accepts here. He also said no proof standard is prescribed at the border. If one is needed, it should be a simple satisfaction-of-the-officer test.

The government's lawyer said the border officer relied on a federal database showing an arrest and a pending charge. He argued the government must prove, and did prove, by clear and convincing evidence that Mr. Lau was seeking admission at the relevant time. He conceded there is no constitutional right to be treated as deportable rather than inadmissible.

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What the justices asked

The government's side tested whether proof duties apply at the border or only later in removal proceedings. Mr. Lau's side tested whether parole can come before an admissibility determination.

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Why it matters

The proof standard matters because clear and convincing proof is very hard to meet. The government's own lawyer admitted that standard usually cannot be met at the border itself. So the timing question decides where and when the government must build its case. Mr.

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What the Court decided

Border officers need not meet the clear-and-convincing evidence standard before treating a returning permanent resident as seeking admission after committing a crime. Later conviction timing does not change that rule.

The Court vacated the Second Circuit's judgment and sent the case back for further proceedings.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·
  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Removed internal claim markers from public prose.

  3. Revision 3 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  4. Revision 4 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.

  5. Revision 5 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.

  6. Revision 6 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.

  7. Revision 7 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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