October Term 2025 · Docket 25-112

Did a Geofence Warrant Searching Google Location Data Violate the Fourth Amendment?

Okello Chatrie says a warrant that let police search Google's location records around a bank robbery broke Fourth Amendment rules. The United States says the search was lawful and asks the Court to uphold it.

Official caption
Chatrie v. United States
Latest argument session
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Decided
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  4. — An official Court opinion was verified.
  5. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    This session was the initial argument, with no reargument. Chatrie's counsel asked the Court to hold the geofence warrant unconstitutional. He argued step 1 itself constituted a search of private papers. He said step-1 probable cause here would be no.

    He distinguished voluntary private disclosure, like the Jacobsen case, from compelled government access. He agreed the record lacks criteria and said the warrant left selection to police without standards. He stated three devices were identified in the end.

    The government asked the Court to uphold the warrant. It effectively agreed geofence access is not a search requiring a warrant. It relied on Knotts for the point that public movements carry no privacy expectation. It conceded warrantless tracking into a private residence would be very difficult to justify.

    Justices tested assumptions on both sides. Justice Thomas tested whether anonymized step-1 results still counted as a violation. Chief Justice Roberts tested whether user choice about location history mattered. Justice Alito tested whether voluntary enabling defeats protection. Justice Kagan tested adoption rates. Justice Jackson tested the step-1 radius and time window.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

The Court heard argument on April 27, 2026, and has not announced a decision. Questions from the bench are not votes.

Official sources for this section

How the case got here

Police obtained a warrant to search Google's location records covering a geographic area around a bank robbery. The warrant worked in steps. First, Google searched many accounts and returned anonymous results. Later steps identified specific people and gave police more data. Chatrie says the later steps lacked proper limits and cause.

Official sources for this section

What each side wants

Chatrie asks the Court to rule the geofence warrant unconstitutional. He says it lacked probable cause and particularity. He also asks the Court to find step 2 required a new warrant.

The United States asks the Court to uphold the search. It argues geofence access is not a Fourth Amendment search requiring a warrant. It relies on the Knotts case about public movements.

Official sources for this section

What each side says

Chatrie's side says the software query searched every user's virtual safety deposit box. Google's Sensorvault is organized per user account, like separate lockers. He says Google's reserved rights to access data are not user consent for government searches.

He disputes that enabling location history waives Fourth Amendment protection. He says using cloud services does not equal consent to government searches. He also says particularity must describe the Google accounts searched, not just the physical area. He says lack of particularized criteria alone would suffice to invalidate the warrant. He stated three devices were identified in the end.

Official sources for this section

What the justices asked

Justice Thomas questioned whether step 1 violated the rules given anonymized results. Chatrie's counsel conceded the step-1 returns were anonymized. He still argued step 1 effected a search across accounts.

Chief Justice Roberts asked why this matters if users can turn off location history. He also asked whether disclosing data to a third party makes it accessible, like leaving shades open. Justice Alito questioned whether voluntarily enabling location history defeats protection. Justice Kagan asked if it matters that only a small percentage of users enable location history.

Official sources for this section

Why it matters

A voluntary-exposure rationale could extend to email and other cloud data, Chatrie's counsel answered. He said voluntariness matters for knowingly created business records, but not for private cloud-stored data. He disputed that Google's terms eliminate protections, noting similar terms cover email and documents.

Official sources for this section

What the Court decided

The Supreme Court held that when police obtained Chatrie's cell-phone location data from Google. They conducted a Fourth Amendment search, because people have a reasonable expectation of privacy in that information. The Court declined to decide whether the multi-step geofence warrant itself met the Fourth Amendment's requirements, leaving those questions to the lower court.

The Supreme Court vacated the Fourth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings.

Official sources for this section

Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·
  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  3. Revision 3 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.

  4. Revision 4 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.

  5. Revision 5 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.

  6. Revision 6 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.

  7. Revision 7 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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