October Term 2023 · Docket 22-340

Does the word and require all three conditions for safety valve eligibility?

The dispute centers on whether a defendant must lack all three listed traits to qualify for a sentencing reduction.

Official caption
Pulsifer v. United States
Latest argument session
Latest official Court activity
Latest verified event
Decided
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Post Opinion

Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Mr. Dvoretzky argued that ordinary grammar treats and as a simple conjunction.

    He stated that the defendant must lack all three traits to be ineligible.

    Mr. Liu countered that and distributes the negative phrase across three conditions.

    He argued that the context confirms the distributive meaning of the word.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case tests how courts interpret the word and in a federal sentencing statute. the side that brought the case argues the word joins three separate disqualifying conditions. The government argues the word creates a single combined requirement. The outcome affects how judges calculate prison sentences for eligible defendants.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2023.

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What each side wants

the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that lacking any one of the three traits allows eligibility.

The government wants the Court to rule that lacking all three traits is required for eligibility.

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What each side says

the side that brought the case argues that and distributes the phrase does not have across three independent conditions.

The government argues that and joins the three traits into one single, combined requirement.

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What the justices asked

Justice Barrett asked how the side that brought the case reconciles their view with corpus linguistics data showing distributive usage.

Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case agrees the government wins if the statute used negative phrasing for all three traits.

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Why it matters

This interpretation determines which defendants receive reduced prison sentences. It clarifies how judges apply statutory grammar to individual cases. It sets a standard for reading similar legal lists in the future.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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