October Term 2022 · Docket 21-1239

Can district courts block SEC actions based on constitutional removal claims?

Michelle Cochran argues the SEC Act does not strip district courts of jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures. The SEC argues only courts of appeals may review these final orders.

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SEC v. Cochran
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Mr. Garre argued the SEC Act does not strip district courts of jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures.

    Mr. Stewart argued the Exchange Act and APA limit review of final orders to courts of appeals.

    Justice Kagan noted a tension in the argument regarding the special nature of structural constitutional claims.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case tests whether district courts retain jurisdiction to enjoin structural constitutional violations. The dispute centers on the SEC Act's review provisions and the APA. The Court must decide if these statutes bar district courts from acting on removal claims.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2022.

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What each side wants

Cochran wants the Court to affirm district court jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures.

The SEC wants the Court to hold that only courts of appeals may review these final orders.

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What each side says

Cochran argues the SEC Act does not strip district courts of historical jurisdiction to adjudicate structural constitutional violations.

The SEC argues the Exchange Act and APA limit review of final orders to courts of appeals.

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What the justices asked

Justice Thomas asked if meaningful differences exist between this case and previous arguments.

Justice Thomas asked how often orders are entered and subject to review in these cases.

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Why it matters

This dispute determines whether district courts can immediately block agency actions based on constitutional removal claims. The outcome shapes the balance of power between independent agencies and the judiciary. It affects the speed and scope of judicial review for structural constitutional challenges.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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