October Term 2020 · Docket 20-444

Does a judge's wrong plea explanation force automatic reversal?

Gary argues a judge's error on intent requires automatic reversal. The government says courts should review such errors case by case.

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United States v. Gary
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Official Transcript

Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Gary's counsel argued the due process error is structural.

    The government's counsel argued the Fourth Circuit rule is inconsistent with precedent.

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    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

Gary argues a judge's error on intent requires automatic reversal. The government says courts should review such errors case by case.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2021.

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What each side wants

Gary wants automatic reversal of his conviction.

The government wants case-by-case review of the error.

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What each side says

Gary argues the error is structural and requires automatic reversal.

The government argues the error is not structural and allows forfeiture.

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What the justices asked

Chief Justice Roberts asked if a judge's error on intent is structural.

Justice Alito asked if automatic vacatur burdens the judiciary significantly.

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Why it matters

This case defines how courts handle plea colloquy errors. It determines whether judges must reverse convictions automatically or review them individually.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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