October Term 2020 · Docket 19-547

Does a draft biological opinion count as a final agency decision?

Sierra Club wants to see draft opinions. The Fish and Wildlife Service claims they are privileged.

Official caption
United States Fish and Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc.
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  2. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.
  3. — An official Court opinion was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Guarnieri argued the drafts are privileged.

    Narayan argued the drafts explain final decisions.

    Roberts questioned the definition of finality.

    Alito asked where to draw the line.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

The dispute centers on whether draft biological opinions are final decisions. The Service argues they are predecisional. Sierra Club argues they carry legal weight.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2020.

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What each side wants

The Service wants to keep the drafts secret.

Sierra Club wants to read the drafts.

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What each side says

The Service argues drafts are not final decisions.

Sierra Club argues drafts have legal consequences.

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What the justices asked

Justice Sotomayor asked why drafts lack coercive effect.

Justice Thomas asked if anything short of sending is non-final.

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Why it matters

This case defines when agency advice becomes final. It shapes public access to environmental decisions. It clarifies the scope of the deliberative process privilege.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Verified official opinions and orders

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Post Opinion ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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