October Term 2012 · Docket 11-9540

Can courts use state court opinions to define federal crime elements?

The dispute centers on whether federal judges may rely on state supreme court interpretations to classify prior convictions under the Armed Career Criminal Act.

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Descamps v. United States
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Mr. Johnson argued that the specific facts of the 1978 conviction do not matter.

    He stated that only the statutory definition matters for the Armed Career Criminal Act.

    Justice Scalia asked if state supreme court statements about weapon types suffice for classification.

    Justice Alito questioned whether two different phrasings of an element are substantively equivalent.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case tests the limits of the categorical approach. It asks if federal courts can look beyond the statutory text to state court decisions. The outcome affects how judges count prior offenses for sentencing enhancements.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2013.

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What each side wants

the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to limit federal courts to the statutory text alone.

The government wants the Supreme Court to allow courts to use state court interpretations to define elements.

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What each side says

the side that brought the case argues that federal courts must ignore state court opinions when applying the categorical approach.

The government argues that state supreme court interpretations clarify the elements of the underlying state offense.

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What the justices asked

Justice Kagan asked if the Ninth Circuit could reimagine any indivisible statute as having divisible elements.

Justice Alito asked if there is a difference between an element and a violation of a possessory interest.

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Why it matters

This case defines the scope of the categorical approach. It determines how federal judges count prior state convictions. The ruling shapes sentencing enhancements for career offenders nationwide.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

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Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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