October Term 2011 · Docket 10-699

Can Congress force the President to list Israel as a birthplace on passports?

A citizen wants the State Department to list Israel as his birthplace. The President refuses, claiming exclusive control over foreign recognition.

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Zivotofsky v. Clinton
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    the side that brought the case's counsel cited prior cases supporting a tripartite scheme of powers.

    the opposing side's counsel argued the executive's recognition power is exclusive under the Constitution.

    Justices questioned whether the side that brought the case's view limits the President's future flexibility.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case tests the balance of power between Congress and the President on foreign policy. the side that brought the case argues Congress can mandate passport entries. the opposing side argues the President alone controls recognition.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2011.

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What each side wants

the side that brought the case wants the court to order the State Department to list Israel as the birthplace on his passport.

the opposing side wants the court to uphold the President's refusal to list Israel as the birthplace.

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What each side says

the side that brought the case argues Congress holds shared power over foreign relations and can override executive judgment.

the opposing side argues the President holds exclusive constitutional power to recognize foreign states.

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What the justices asked

Justice Kennedy asked if any foreign relations determinations remain exclusively for the President under the side that brought the case's theory.

Justice Ginsburg asked why Congress trumps the executive if foreign relations is a shared power.

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Why it matters

This dispute defines who controls the United States' official stance on Jerusalem's status. It shapes how the government handles similar diplomatic conflicts in the future.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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