October Term 2002 · Docket 02-679

Does Title VII require proof that gender was the sole cause of an adverse employment decision?

The dispute centers on whether an employer must prove that a protected characteristic was the sole cause of an adverse action to avoid liability.

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Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa
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Verified source milestones

  1. — An official oral-argument transcript was verified.

The arguments, in order

This case may have been argued more than once. Each entry below uses that session's official transcript. Later arguments do not erase earlier ones.

  1. Argument 1 ·

    What happened at the argument

    Mr. Ricciardi argued that the 1991 amendments created a special rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule does not require proof of but-for cause.

    Mr. Peccole stated that the parties agreed to jury instructions one through nine. Instruction nine contained the 107(a) standard.

    Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the pronunciation of his name. The Chief Justice then stated the case was submitted.

    Read the official transcript for this argument · Official argument details

    Sources used for this argument breakdown

A citizen's guide to the whole case

What this case is about

This case examines the standard for proving disparate treatment under Title VII. The core issue is whether the 1991 amendments created a special liability rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule would allow liability without proof that the protected characteristic was the sole cause.

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How the case got here

The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2003.

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What each side wants

the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the mixed-motive liability rule. This rule does not require proof that gender was the sole cause of the adverse decision.

the opposing side wants the Court to require proof that gender was the sole cause of the adverse decision. This aligns with the traditional disparate treatment prohibition.

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What each side says

the side that brought the case argues that the 1991 amendments created a special rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule relaxes the requirement for proving but-for causation.

the opposing side argues that Title VII has required a finding that a protected characteristic was a but-for cause since 1964. This standard remains the baseline for disparate treatment claims.

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What the justices asked

Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the correct pronunciation of his name.

Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the correct pronunciation of his name.

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Why it matters

Employers face different liability standards depending on the causation proof required. Employees gain broader protection if mixed-motive liability applies. The outcome defines the evidentiary burden in discrimination cases.

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What happens next

This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity.

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Official Court provenance

Official docket and case history · Official Supreme Court oral-argument detail page

Title and summary sources

Revision history

  1. Revision 1 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.

  2. Revision 2 · Official Transcript ·

    Correction: Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.

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