{"argument_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","paragraphs":["Benjamin Snyder argued Congress did not unambiguously waive sovereign immunity in 1996.","Joshi argued the Fair Credit Reporting Act expressly defines person to include government agencies.","Snyder cited the clear statement rule to ensure Congress specifically considered immunity waivers.","Joshi noted that ambiguity in similar statutes favors the government under sovereign immunity canons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]}],"caption":"Dept. of Agric. Rural Dev. v. Kirtz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.202196Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.233774Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:04.015708Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal agencies face civil liability for violating credit reporting laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r03_4gcj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-846.html","primary_docket":"22-846","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:19:12.349944Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if Congress clearly waived federal sovereign immunity in the Fair Credit Reporting Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to affirm that federal agencies retain sovereign immunity.","The individual wants the Court to hold that federal agencies face civil liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute lacks a clear statement waiving sovereign immunity.","The individual argues the statute explicitly defines persons to include government agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the statutory definition authorizes suits against natural persons and governments.","Justice Thomas asked why the term official is not sufficient to waive sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal agencies face financial liability for credit reporting errors. It defines the scope of federal sovereign immunity in consumer protection law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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