{"argument_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued the case tests Article III power.","Mr. Clement highlighted real-world costs for small businesses.","Justice Kagan stated Chevron reflects congressional intent.","Justice Sotomayor observed that technology changes implementation over time."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]}],"caption":"Loper Bright Enterprises, Inc. v. Raimondo, Sec. of Comm.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.954899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.983968Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:50.825557Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end judicial deference to agency statutory interpretations. the opposing sides defend the existing framework.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r54_o7jp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-451.html","primary_docket":"22-451","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:13:33.804527Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial power over agency rulemaking. The dispute centers on who interprets ambiguous laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to interpret statutes independently.","the opposing sides want courts to defer to reasonable agency interpretations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue deference violates separation of powers.","the opposing sides argue deference respects agency expertise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if Chevron recognizes congressional silence.","Justice Sotomayor noted tension in interpretive authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the balance between judicial and executive power. It shapes how agencies regulate complex industries. It affects small businesses and individuals directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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