{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants claim Alabama retained existing districts and equalized population lawfully.","Appellees state voting in Alabama is intensely racially polarized.","Appellees argue the Black Belt is a historic and significant community."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]}],"caption":"Merrill v. Milligan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.243806Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.271027Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:16.728672Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Appellants claim the state ignored racial data. Appellees argue the map dilutes Black voting power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r33_dc8f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1086.html","primary_docket":"21-1086","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:44:19.339923Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts evaluate racial intent in redistricting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court's finding of vote dilution.","Appellees want the Court to affirm the lower court's finding of vote dilution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the state used race-neutral principles and met legal standards.","Appellees argue the map intentionally dilutes Black voting power in a historic community."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the Gingles preconditions were satisfied in this case.","Justice Kagan asked if intent is required to prove a violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts measure racial intent in redistricting disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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