{"argument_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued that diverse student bodies benefit the nation.","Mr. Norris argued that racial classifications cause inherent harms.","Justice Kagan asked if both essay types are appropriate for consideration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]}],"caption":"Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.067566Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.090426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:19.120943Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Harvard's race-conscious admissions violate the Constitution. Harvard argues such practices serve a compelling educational interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r53_4g15.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1199.html","primary_docket":"20-1199","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:42:27.921605Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether universities may consider race in admissions. the sides that brought the case claim this practice harms applicants. Harvard claims it builds diverse student bodies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Harvard's race-conscious admissions policy.","Harvard wants the Court to uphold its use of race in admissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue racial classifications cause inherent harms to applicants.","Harvard argues diverse student bodies benefit the nation and reduce prejudice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how to distinguish resilience from other obstacles.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the district court's statistical findings on race."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether universities may use race in admissions. It affects how colleges select students nationwide. It shapes the legal limits on diversity efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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