{"argument_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","paragraphs":["Scott Keller argued the rule covers too many people for OSHA's narrow authority.","Elizabeth Prelogar argued the rule addresses a specific and deadly workplace danger.","Justice Roberts questioned why OSHA could not use its best approach to solve the problem."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, 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52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-50"}]}],"caption":"Nat. Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Dept. of Labor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.742972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.772871Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.802169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:18.477021Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Business owners argue the vaccine rule exceeds OSHA's emergency authority. The government argues the rule is essential to stop workplace deaths.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r8_8o6a.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21A244.html","primary_docket":"21A244","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:11:14.395024Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The National Federation of Independent Business challenges a federal vaccine mandate. The Department of Labor defends the rule as a vital safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 16-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The business group wants the Court to strike down the vaccine mandate.","The government wants the Court to keep the vaccine mandate in effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The business group argues the rule is too broad for OSHA's limited emergency powers.","The government argues the rule is necessary to stop a deadly workplace risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if emergency status makes the necessity standard stricter.","Justice Kagan asked why the rule is not necessary to stop a grave risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 54-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 54-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal workplace safety power. It determines whether agencies can impose broad mandates during health crises. The outcome shapes future government responses to public health emergencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 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