{"argument_date":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","paragraphs":["ZF Automotive argues the statute requires sovereign state involvement.","Luxshare argues the statute covers all foreign adjudicatory bodies.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the definition of foreign tribunals.","Justice Breyer noted the rise of commercial arbitration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}]}],"caption":"ZF Automotive US, Inc. v. Luxshare, Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.548488Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.554886Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:13.676930Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"ZF Automotive and Luxshare dispute whether federal courts must aid private foreign arbitrations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r42_3f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-401.html","primary_docket":"21-401","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:49:53.869887Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal discovery aid for foreign proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["ZF Automotive wants the Court to deny discovery aid for private arbitration.","Luxshare wants the Court to allow discovery aid for private arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["ZF Automotive argues the statute only covers sovereign state tribunals.","Luxshare argues the statute covers any foreign adjudicatory body."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if foreign tribunals must owe existence to sovereign law.","Justice Breyer asked if the statute covers modern commercial arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal court power over private international disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 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Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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