{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bostwick argued the system is uniquely pro-claimant.","She stated clear and unmistakable error is a unique protection.","Mr. Yang argued the rule is not a mere error.","He stated Congress provided separate direct review for errors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"George v. McDonough","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.368914Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.391631Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:15.489263Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Veterans argue a codified error rule demands strict review. The government argues the standard remains unchanged.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r47_m6hn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-234.html","primary_docket":"21-234","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:47:54.625961Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the standard for reviewing final veterans benefits decisions. the sides that brought the case seek a strict error standard. The government seeks a standard tied to direct appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a strict standard for reviewing final decisions.","The government wants a standard matching direct appeal review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the codified rule creates a unique protection.","The government argues the rule is not a mere error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the review standard matches direct appeals.","Justice Thomas asked how the rule applied before codification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how often veterans can correct final errors. It affects access to benefits for millions of claimants. It defines the scope of judicial oversight in this system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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