{"argument_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Underwood argued English and American law limited public carrying.","Mr. Clement argued the state fears more firearms in circulation.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 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47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]}],"caption":"New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn. v. Bruen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.088947Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.092542Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:06.339630Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a permit requirement. the opposing sides defend the state's public safety rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r54_7648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-843.html","primary_docket":"20-843","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:02:33.288833Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York law requires a special reason to carry a concealed firearm. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the Second Amendment. the opposing sides argue the state may regulate public safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the permit requirement.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state's regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state cannot demand a special reason to carry.","the opposing sides argue the state may restrict carry to protect safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the state can require good moral character.","Justice Sotomayor asked about historical laws conditioning the right to carry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of public firearm carrying rights. It balances individual self-defense against state public safety powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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