{"argument_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tutt argued the Constitution grants Congress power to raise armies.","Mr. Stone argued sovereign immunity limits means, not ends.","questions_and_argument_context"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]}],"caption":"Torres v. Texas Dept. of Public Safety","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.583539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.597735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:13.304945Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue Texas for USERRA violations. Texas claims sovereign immunity bars the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r63_m6ho.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-603.html","primary_docket":"20-603","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:49:04.505141Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether sovereign immunity blocks USERRA claims against a state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue Texas for USERRA violations.","Texas wants the court to dismiss the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue USERRA advances essential constitutional military powers.","Texas argues sovereign immunity limits congressional means."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how eminent domain ties to judicial proceedings.","Justice Kagan asked why war powers differ from other powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state liability for federal employment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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