{"argument_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. McCloud argued the First Circuit ruling conflicts with the law's text.","Mr. Guarnieri stated the Act authorizes a limited reduction proceeding.","Justice Gorsuch questioned the basis for finding an abuse of discretion.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if courts can refuse to exercise discretion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-25"}]}],"caption":"Concepcion v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.865376Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.895763Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:09.422861Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to consider new evidence. The government argues courts must ignore it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r61_7khn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1650.html","primary_docket":"20-1650","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:55:08.042199Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The First Step Act allows sentence reductions. Courts disagree on what evidence they may review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to weigh new facts and law.","The government wants courts to limit review to old records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text allows broad discretion.","The government argues the statute mandates a narrow scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the discretionary argument is stronger.","Justice Breyer asked how courts would apply this discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal sentencing discretion. It determines whether judges can consider a prisoner's current behavior. It affects how courts apply the First Step Act. It shapes the balance between statutory text and judicial judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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35-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}