{"argument_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","paragraphs":["Bindas argued the exclusion discriminates against religion.","Taub argued the specific school does not want the money.","Stewart argued the lower court decision should stand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]}],"caption":"Carson v. Makin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.993680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.019858Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:21.249316Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parents seek aid for religious schools. Maine denies it based on religion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r49_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1088.html","primary_docket":"20-1088","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:58:22.073260Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maine offers tuition aid to private schools. It excludes religious schools. Parents argue this violates the Constitution. Maine argues it can exclude them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want Maine to pay for their religious school choice.","Maine wants to keep its law excluding religious schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exclusion discriminates against religion.","Maine argues it can exclude religious schools from aid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what happens if a school refuses gay teachers.","Justice Kagan asked if the case exists if schools refuse aid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state aid for religious education. It affects parents choosing private schools. It shapes the role of religion in public funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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