{"argument_date":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the class lacks standing and typicality.","Sarah Reaves argued the class members have standing.","Justice Thomas asked about commonality and predominance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]}],"caption":"TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.525698Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.556336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:27.410916Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Credit bureaus argue that a data error without financial loss is not a legal injury. Consumers argue that the error itself causes harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r59_197d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-297.html","primary_docket":"20-297","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:16:19.094945Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a data error counts as a legal injury. The dispute centers on standing to sue for procedural violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The credit bureau wants the class action dismissed for lack of standing.","The consumers want the class action to proceed to trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The credit bureau argues that no concrete injury occurred without financial loss.","The consumers argue that the data error itself constitutes a concrete injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if third-party disclosure creates worry.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why perfect credit users need reports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of consumer data protection laws. It determines who can sue for data errors. It shapes future privacy litigation standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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