{"argument_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","paragraphs":["L. Lawrence Lessig argued states cannot control elector votes.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a pledge alone violates the Constitution.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a one-dollar fine changes the analysis.","Justice Thomas asked if the federal function argument relies on elector discretion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]}],"caption":"Chiafalo v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.253157Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.276838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down state laws that bind electors. the opposing sides defend those binding laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-465.html","primary_docket":"19-465","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:29:20.344003Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power over elector voting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down state binding laws.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state binding laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue states lack power to control elector votes.","the opposing sides argue states may set conditions for elector appointment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a pledge without a fine violates the Constitution.","Justice Thomas asked if the federal function argument depends on elector discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of state control over presidential elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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