{"argument_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued the First Amendment bars retaliatory arrests.","She stated this applies even with probable cause.","Mr. Dvoretzky proposed four backstops for police officers.","He addressed hypotheticals about officers dealing with riots."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]}],"caption":"Lozman v. Riviera Beach","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.037847Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.088303Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues probable cause does not bar First Amendment retaliation claims. The city argues probable cause defeats such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-21.html","primary_docket":"17-21","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:20:30.692250Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether probable cause blocks First Amendment retaliation claims. the side that brought the case seeks a constitutional remedy for a retaliatory arrest. The city seeks dismissal based on probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a First Amendment remedy for a retaliatory arrest.","The city wants dismissal of the claim based on probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues probable cause does not bar First Amendment retaliation claims.","The city argues probable cause defeats First Amendment retaliation claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked which legal route the Court should take.","Justice Kennedy expressed concern about police officers in difficult situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of First Amendment protections. It determines whether probable cause shields retaliatory arrests. The outcome affects citizens and law enforcement agencies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-21-lozman-v-riviera-beach","term":"2017","title":"Does probable cause shield retaliatory arrests from First Amendment claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}