{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim SEC hearing officers hold sovereign power.","The Commission argues these officers do not bind the government.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the definition of adversarial proceedings.","Justice Kennedy asked about the impact on other agencies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Lucia v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.771280Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.786052Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue SEC hearing officers are appointed officials. The Commission says they are not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-130.html","primary_docket":"17-130","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:15:16.160873Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether SEC hearing officers are appointed officials. the sides that brought the case say they hold sovereign power. The Commission says they do not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to classify SEC hearing officers as appointed officials.","The Commission wants the Court to classify SEC hearing officers as non-officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue these officers bind the government in formal adjudications.","The Commission argues these officers lack the power to bind the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if this theory affects Social Security hearing officers.","Justice Sotomayor asked for a definition of adversarial proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who holds sovereign power in federal agencies. It shapes the structure of administrative adjudication nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}