{"argument_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","paragraphs":["Fisher argued the law requires substantial educational opportunities.","Katyal argued the Spending Clause requires unambiguous standards.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-14"}]}],"caption":"Endrew F. v. Douglas County School Dist. RE-1","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.856120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.885424Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents and the school district disagree on the required standard for student progress.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-827.html","primary_docket":"15-827","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:47:01.973509Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the minimum educational benefit schools must provide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want a standard requiring significant educational progress.","The district wants a standard allowing minimal progress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the law requires substantial educational opportunities.","The district argues the Spending Clause requires unambiguous standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if the standard appeared in the original petition.","Breyer asked why the statute does not define progress clearly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum support schools must provide disabled students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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