{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bagenstos argued the statute keys exhaustion on relief sought.","Mr. Katyal argued Congress channeled disputes through education experts.","Mr. Martinez argued exhaustion is required only if relief is available under IDEA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"caption":"Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.984643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.009998Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents seek damages for their child's emotional distress. Schools argue they must first use IDEA procedures.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-497.html","primary_docket":"15-497","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:52:20.063458Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a child with a disability. The parents sued for damages. The schools say they must use IDEA first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want to sue for damages without using IDEA first.","Schools want parents to use IDEA before suing for damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue damages are not available under IDEA.","Schools argue IDEA exhaustion is required for all claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the rule depends on the complaint.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about making two arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when parents must use IDEA. It affects access to courts for disability claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-497-fry-v-napoleon-community-schools","term":"2016","title":"Must parents exhaust IDEA remedies before suing for damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}