{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Rothfeld argued the statutes make asserting a right a crime.","Michael McCarthy argued the state statute creates a bargain with drivers.","Keena argued rural realities make search warrants impractical in these situations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-6"}]}],"caption":"Birchfield v. North Dakota","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.202358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.231914Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Drivers argue criminal penalties for refusing blood tests violate the Fourth Amendment. States argue road use implies consent to testing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1468.html","primary_docket":"14-1468","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:59:00.603074Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether states can impose criminal penalties when drivers refuse blood alcohol tests. the sides that brought the case claim this violates their constitutional rights. the opposing sides claim road use creates implied consent to testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down criminal penalties for refusing blood tests.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state laws that criminalize refusal of blood tests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue criminalizing refusal punishes the exercise of a constitutional right.","the opposing sides argue using public roads implies consent to blood alcohol testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what constitutional basis supports the right to drive.","Justice Kennedy asked why states cannot impose criminal sanctions if civil ones are allowed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of state power to compel bodily searches. It determines whether drivers face criminal charges for refusing blood tests. This affects public safety enforcement and individual privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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