{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned the statutory text regarding navigable waters.","Justice Kennedy asked if the waters are conceded to be navigable.","advocate_contention"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-30"}]}],"caption":"Sturgeon v. Frost","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.651499Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.678572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law removed the Park Service's power to manage water access in Alaska.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1209.html","primary_docket":"14-1209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:07:37.308318Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal water management authority in Alaska."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to affirm the lower court's action.","the opposing side wants the Court to reverse the lower court's action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues ANILCA stripped the Park Service of water regulation authority.","the opposing side argues Congress retained the Park Service's preexisting water authorities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the law excludes navigable waters.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the scope of federal jurisdiction over waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal control over Alaska's waterways. It determines who manages access to these resources. It shapes the balance between state and federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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authority to regulate navigable waters in Alaska?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}