{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Lewin argued passport entries do not amount to formal recognition.","General Verrilli addressed the core problem with the specific statutory section.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Zivotofsky v. Kerry","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.598932Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A citizen seeks a passport listing Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The government claims this power belongs solely to the President.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-628.html","primary_docket":"13-628","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:26:14.649236Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Congress can direct the President to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital on passports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the passport to list Jerusalem as Israel's capital.","The government wants to keep the power to decide this designation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues passport entries do not constitute formal sovereign recognition.","The government argues the President alone controls foreign recognition policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the provision is disconnected from the section's purpose.","Justice Breyer asked how judges handle State Department policy claims about recognition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between legislative and executive power in foreign affairs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-628-zivotofsky-v-kerry","term":"2014","title":"Can Congress force the President to list Jerusalem as Israel's capital on passports?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}