{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kleven argued that officers must corroborate anonymous tips before making a stop.","Ms. Kovner argued that brief stops based on anonymous tips are reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.","Mr. Laurence argued that officers may act on anonymous tips of reckless driving immediately."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"}]}],"caption":"Prado Navarette v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.132505Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.157117Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers need independent verification before stopping a vehicle based on an anonymous report of dangerous driving.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-9490.html","primary_docket":"12-9490","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:58:34.877453Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Fourth Amendment limits on traffic stops. It asks if an anonymous tip alone provides enough probable cause for a brief detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require police to corroborate anonymous tips before stopping a vehicle.","The state wants the Court to allow stops based solely on anonymous tips of reckless driving."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that uncorroborated anonymous tips lack the reliability needed to justify a seizure.","The state argues that stopping cars based on anonymous tips serves a critical public safety interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if there is evidence that false anonymous tips are a serious problem.","Justice Alito asked for examples of stops based on tips without observing illegal acts directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between public safety and individual liberty during traffic stops. It determines how much evidence police need before detaining drivers. The outcome shapes future interactions between law enforcement and citizens on roads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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