{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the Solomon Amendment conditions funding on equal access. He stated this is what any donor would expect from funded institutions.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the case is not about barring recruiters. He stated Congress wanted more than just entry to campus.","Justice Breyer noted the statute originated during the Vietnam era. He pointed out it addressed universities excluding military personnel.","Justice Scalia argued the statute requires more than equal access. He stated it demands specific treatment for military recruiters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"caption":"Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.040863Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.048534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Universities argue the law forces them to host military recruiters. The government argues the law merely conditions funding on equal access.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1152.html","primary_docket":"04-1152","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:02:09.368614Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Solomon Amendment. This law ties federal funding to campus access for military recruiters. Universities claim this violates their First Amendment rights. The government claims the law is a valid spending condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the Solomon Amendment. It seeks to keep federal funding tied to equal campus access for military recruiters.","The universities want the Court to strike down the Solomon Amendment. They seek to end the funding condition that forces them to host military recruiters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law is a valid spending condition. It claims universities accept federal funds and must accept equal access for military recruiters.","The universities argue the law compels speech. They claim the government cannot force them to host recruiters they view as discriminatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the defense relies on the Spending Clause. He questioned why it does not rely on the power to raise armies.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a statutory interpretation would avoid the constitutional question. She asked if that interpretation would be unreasonable under current law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal funding conditions. It determines whether the government can tie grants to specific campus access policies. The outcome shapes the balance between federal power and institutional autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1152-rumsfeld-v-forum-for-academic-and-institutional-rights-inc","term":"2005","title":"Does the Solomon Amendment violate university speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"}